Friday, May 31, 2019

Truth, Knowledge, and Opinion Essay -- social issues

Truth, Knowledge, and OpinionWHAT IS TRUTH, KNOWLEDGE, OPINION AND WHY IS EXTREME SKEPTICISM?What is Truth, Knowledge, Opinion and why Extreme Skepticism is Self Contradictory?Truth is just the mind corresponding with ingenuousness, knowledge is having the truth and knowing that you have it and understanding why it is true, Opinion is having an hypothesis but not being entirely trustworthy that your idea is true and extreme skepticism is self contradictory because skeptics say that in that location is truth that there is no truth. By doing this they are do a true statement. In this essay we shall discuss a more deeper and in-depth meaning truth, knowledge, opinion and why extreme skepticism is self-contradictory.What is truth? Truth is fundamentally the mind corresponding with reality. This of course is the easy problem of truth the hard problem is the mind trying to know reality.So we see truth is machine-accessible to knowledge. True ideas are those that we can corroborate an d verify. Truth works in way of our thinking. So you see to achieve complete truth there must be correspondence between our mind and reality and to know exactly what reality really is. For example If we say the Auckland blues are sledding to win the super 12 and later on they actually win, therefore your mind did indeed correspond with reality. Through this example we see that knowing what is reality is almost impossible, if a man is completely sure that he has grasped reality he is GOD.What is knowle...

Thursday, May 30, 2019

Gender and Sexuality in Sports Essay -- Gender Athletics Essays

Gender and Sexuality in SportsWhen individuals, male or female, decide to enter a non-traditional sport for his/ her gender, there will inevitably be benefits and costs. Because sports themselves be divided along gender and race lines, one would expect that individuals who intend to play a sport deemed by culture and by society as counterintuitive argon bound to be criticized and alienated because of their choices. Difference automatically threatens conventions, traditions, and expectations, and hence, it threatens the individuals who belong to that traditional sphere. Because sports are affected as much by funding as they are by issues of diversity and accessibility, the following questions address those issues which group of people nurse access to what sports (the type of resources a school has determines the number of athletic opportunities and leagues that are available), what racial groups are delineate more in which sports (African Americans are over represented in basketball besides they are under represented in iced hockey, whites are over represented in winter sports but they are underrepresented in football), and how do those two questions overall affect a society and cultures response to deviations? Generally, society has certain gender constructions that apply directly and indirectly to sports. Men are primarily thought of as physically stronger, more aggressive, and more physically active. Hence, men involved in sports are seen as fulfilling part of their experiences as men. Because they are men and because society has all these expectations about men and their physical abilities, sports becomes an arena in which men can prove, invoke, and measure their manhood. In past generations, men could assert their masculin... ...ge, it is important that men and women challenge societys convenient notions about masculinity, femininity, and culture. Men and women in sports must use their art and their talents to question not only the validity but also th e premise from which expectations, criticism, and conflict arise. Being involved in sports, regardless of its effects on ones personal life and regardless of the barriers that are created especially to balk individuals from making choices, opens doors to others who are interested in pursuing a nontraditional sport and who need the support of others like them. Ultimately, the sports world must help sustain individuals and their abilities individuals must defy the sports world and its expectations when its intent is to perpetuate and create divisions among men and women, among homosexuals and heterosexuals, and among races and ethnicities.

Wednesday, May 29, 2019

An Analysis of Neutral Tones by Thomas Hardy Essay -- Neutral Tones Es

An Analysis of Neutral Tones by Thomas Hardy We stood by a syndicate that winter day, (1) This extraction indicates a still quietness, with drop of the movement of life. There is a vast difference in appearance and movement around a pond in winter and a pond in the midst of summer. This indicates no leaves, and no visible signs of life. The poet is painting a stark and lifeless scene. And the sun was white, as though chidden of God,(2) This is indicative of the modernist approach to unfounded as being too harsh and not a positive factor. Chidden means scolded, rebuked, or even blamed. God is not looking favorably upon these people. And a few leaves lay on the starving sod(3) Leaves fall from trees when they ar dead, and the term starving refers to the dying of the ground. They had fallen from an Ash, and were gray,(4) Ash trees are very fair hardwood trees, and this line indicates the passing of beauty, and ties in with the dying leaves mentioned in line three. This first stanza indicates that something once beautiful is dying. Your eyes on me were as eyes that rove(5) When lovers who are in love look upon one another, it is usually with a fixed gaze. That old love song, I only have eyes for you helps explain the poets anguish when he realizes his lover is no longer mesmerized while in his company. Over tedious riddles of years ago (6) is indicative of some unresolved problems between the two people in this poem. And some words played between us to and fro (7) seems to indicate small talk and mindless chatter. On which lost the more by our love(8) tells the reader that the poet is unhappy with the chatter and would rather be speaking of the unresolved problems betwee... ...a definite and recognizable pattern. This poem is certainly not a sonnet, either in subject matter, meaning, or format. The rhyme scheme for this poem is that of A B B A, C D D C, E F F E, G H H G. There is enough continuity in this rhyme scheme to hold the poem together as a integral through the use of the pattern, however the changing of the actual rhyming words and the fact that, for instance, the A word is only repeated one time (as are all of the others) intensifies the poets feelings of loss over the change in his loves desires. Through the rhyming scheme, the poet is conveying the hopelessness of the two of them getting back together and repeating the beautiful love they once shared. Works Cited Damrosch, David, et al., ed. The Longman Anthology of British Literature Vol. B. Compact ed. New York Longman - Addison Wesley Longman, 2000. p. 2256

The Pearl: Depictions Of Life Essays -- essays research papers

The Pearl Depictions of LifeIn John Steinbecks The Pearl, a destitute pearl diver finds a jumbopearl with which he hopes to demoralize peace and happiness for his family. Instead,he learns that the valuable pearl can not buy happiness but only discharge hissimple life. Throughout the fable, on that point is a constant theme woven through thecharacters and setting which encompasses the struggle among social classes tobecome successful. Steinbeck, a novelist known for his hardheaded depictions oflife, portrays this motif through Kino, the doctor, Coyotito, and the townsfolk of LaPaz.John Earnst Steinbeck, author of The Pearl and many other stories, wasborn on February 27, 1902, in Salinas, California. Both his father, who ran aflour mill, and his mother, a teacher, encouraged him to relieve once they saw hisearly interest in literature. Steinbeck began his career by writing articlesfor his school newspaper and by victorious classes at Stanford University. At the equal time, he worked at a local ranch where he witnessed the harsh treatment ofmigrant workers. These underpriveleged laborers later served as the breathing infor many of his novels, including The Grapes of Wrath. The Pearl, another stirring from his past, originated from a legend about the misfortunes of apoor boy who found a giant pearl that was told to Steinbeck while on a trip toMexico.Kino, the admirer in The Pearl, is an hone... The Pearl Depictions Of Life Essays -- essays research papers The Pearl Depictions of LifeIn John Steinbecks The Pearl, a destitute pearl diver finds a giantpearl with which he hopes to buy peace and happiness for his family. Instead,he learns that the valuable pearl can not buy happiness but only destroy hissimple life. Throughout the fable, there is a constant theme woven through thecharacters and setting which encompasses the struggle among social classes tobecome successful. Steinbeck, a novelist known for his realistic depictions oflife, port rays this motif through Kino, the doctor, Coyotito, and the town of LaPaz.John Earnst Steinbeck, author of The Pearl and many other stories, wasborn on February 27, 1902, in Salinas, California. Both his father, who ran aflour mill, and his mother, a teacher, encouraged him to write once they saw hisearly interest in literature. Steinbeck began his career by writing articlesfor his school newspaper and by taking classes at Stanford University. At thesame time, he worked at a local ranch where he witnessed the harsh treatment ofmigrant workers. These underpriveleged laborers later served as the inspirationfor many of his novels, including The Grapes of Wrath. The Pearl, anotherinspiration from his past, originated from a legend about the misfortunes of apoor boy who found a giant pearl that was told to Steinbeck while on a trip toMexico.Kino, the protagonist in The Pearl, is an hone...

Tuesday, May 28, 2019

The Existence of Medieval Gender Archetypes in Present Day Culture Essa

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The Existence of Medieval Gender Archetypes in Present Day Culture Essa

The Existence of Medieval Gender Archetypes in Present Day Culture One of the aspects of the Middle Ages which is explored by numerous scholars directly is that of the antifeminist stereotypes which pervaded literature and cultural mores during the period. In an era governed by men, the fact that women were treated as inferior is unsurprising archetypal visions of femininity fit neatly into mediaeval history. However, most people would like to believe that such pigeonholing has been left in the past, every last(predicate)owing for more liberated times in which women are portrayed realistically and as the equals of men.It is undeniably true that an equality of the sexes exists today that was not even imagined in the medieval era. However, this rise in respect for women does not guarantee that all of the prejudices and stereotypes from preceding centuries have fallen by the wayside on the contrary, most of the same archetypes are alive and well, even if modified to suit a youthful world. From the unattainably perfect virgin to the sexually insatiable temptress, these images appear throughout modern culture-but the disturbing nature of their existence is made far worse by the complacency with which women accept and further them. In many places, control of the image of women has passed into their own hands, yet broad generalizations and negative suggestions continue to fill daily life.though images of women may cluster in many categories, the basic medieval archetypes are these foremost is the Courtly Lady, a physically perfect and emotionally restrained shaft that any gallant knight would pine for, the subject of innumerable poems. Her supporting cast include the lascivious Wanton Woman, a subhuman creature designed to tempt and torture men... ...owing Up Female With the Mass Media. New York Times Books, 1995.Farhi, Paul and Megan Rosenfeld. Made in America. 10 April 2003. http//www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/mia/part1.htm 4 Ways to Punish a Na ughty Boy. Cosmopolitan Apr. 2003 166.Goins, Liesa. Flirting Moves No Man Can Resist. Cosmopolitan Apr. 2003 146-48.Keyishian, Amy. Chick Flick Survival Guide. Maxim Apr. 2003 78-82.Lewis, Carol. Botox Cosmetic A tone of voice at Looking Good. FDA Consumer Magazine. 6 April 2003. http//www.fda.gov/fdac/features/2002/402_botox.html Lont, Cynthia M. Women and Media Content/ Careers/ Criticism. Scarborough Nelson Canada, 1995.Rogers, Mary F. Barbie Culture. Thousand Oaks SAGE Publications, 1999.Straus, Alex. Access Granted. Maxim Apr. 2003 164-68.Walsh, John. Top Gear Bachelor Pad. Maxim Apr. 2003 194-96.

Monday, May 27, 2019

Revelation Essay

Revelation The opening occupations of the poem initiate the main reports Black manipulate introduces one of the themes which ar gender stereotyping. This suggests the bull is powerful, toilsome and truly angry. Females atomic number 18 then introduced in the poem, orchis and milk. This suggests females are pale, delicate and easily broken. The poet highlights the theme of stereotypes by placing black bull above eggs and milk. This is to effectively state that the black bull is on top of eggs and milk which emphasises on the importance of gender stereotyping.The second theme is introduced which is pureness and experience, They c on the whole him Bob as though perhaps you could reduce a monster with the charm of a friendly shout out. Tone her is cynical. The bull has been habituated a cheery, friendly name which is a irrelevant name for the harsh animal. The key words of the quote are monster and friendly. This is a very striking contrast between the idea of the name Bob be ing friendly, cheery and approachable, but in actual fact behind the cheery name lays a monster. The quote, at the threshold of his outhouse, is the turning point in the story.This is a symbolic quote that states you must go over a pipeline before starting a new life. In the poem a young lady friend is standing in the area between safety and danger. The line is significant as the pause creates a series of tension building up to a intellect of danger. The girls initial perceptions of the creature are conveyed in, At first only black, and the hot malodour of him The girls sensory impressions of the bull are that the word black represents danger. The words hot reek represents the smell and stench of the bull.Her over all sensory impression is the smell of the bulls pungent aroma that is its natural smell and the limited sight gives her a sense of the unknown danger. The poet continues to reference the main theme of gender stereotyping by developing it, We was immense, This quote hig hlights masculinity and power. It shows that males are bigger, more powerful and the dominate gender. The theme of innocence and experience is also developed, and the bull and the girl are compared to each other. The girl is full of fear and innocence. She is extremely intimidated by the bulls bearing.The poet powerfully, reinforces the contrasting thematic dichotomies suggested in verse one. In the first instance this is done by including details in verse two which contract with details from the first verse. The poet has beef up the theme of innocence and experience as he shows that the bull knows he is restrained. Also reinforces the theme of gender stereotyping girl and boy. This is done as it is dark and the girl cannot see what the bull is doing, whilst the girl is unaware of this, the bull is trying to break free from where he is chained up too.The poet condenses the contrast by highlighting them in a few lines of verse two. I had always half known he existed Here, the poet points out that the girl had always knew the bull was there, just she had never seen the bull and didnt want to come to terms with the reality. Verse three is effective as it shows that the girl is fearful of her encounter with the bull. The girl is terrified by the bulls presence and runs away from the farm. She runs past a group of boys.Here the writer links the bull and the boys together by the use of harsh sound effects. It is important that this link is do as it makes a direct comparison between the bulls aggression and the boys cruelty. It highlights that they both share the same characteristics. Finally, the girls attention is redirected to the parlous state of the eggs and milk, due to the flight, affright of the eggs shattering While shes too busy protecting the eggs it shows the reader that females are protective towards anything precious.In the girls eyes the eggs and milk are precious, and she wants to protect them from any harm. in case the milk should spill The prec arious position of the milk is highlighted in the small hands of a weak girl, who has been supercharged with the responsibility of looking after the eggs and milk. She is protecting what is important to her. The poet seems to be suggesting that her experience shows that females are scared of males and have to protect themselves from any harm. Females protect all forms of life, they are caring and sensible creatures.

Sunday, May 26, 2019

Hardware and Software requirements for the DTP facilities needed Essay

A customer from the GNVQ Sports classify Group has asked me to produce a document of at least 16 camera-ready copy pages. The GNVQ Sports Catalogue Group is a small sized company that are a mail order company. They sell sports goods like shirts, footwear, equipment for different sports, clothes etc. The pass away memorandum is out of date and they need a new record to keep up to date. The catalogue has to advertise the companys goods and sell them. The client will choose a catalogue to run with to sell the goods. The client call fors the pursuit things to be get welled in and on the catalogue.The front and back big top has to look professional. An index can be set out in different ways maybe to look for an individual harvests or products underneath a category. An order from must be put in to the catalogue. In the order form details for the customer to fill in must include name, address, return ID, Product Name, Quantity, Sub Total, Total. The client stated that 5 orders c ould only be made on one order form. On the order form in like manner the details that must be include are the company address, send for and fax numbers, postage and package details must be included.The inside pages of the catalogue amaze to contain the following things. On the pages there must be the name of the product that is being interchange on the page where it is noticeable. Also the envisage of the product should be on the page. There should be a product description describing what type of product you are selling. This description must include the product ID, product name and price. Other additional things that can be included are like what sizes the product comes in. Hardware and Software requirements for the DTP facilities needed Here I will tell and describe what type of hardware that I need to produce the catalogue.The reason why I did my draft designs the way I did is because of the following reasons. I picked up three catalogues and I analysed them in the followi ng way. The first catalogue I am going to analyse is the FCUK (French Connection United Kingdom). The stem turn of this catalogue is beach/casual wear. Front cover The front cover is ok. Parts of a word on the front cover puddle been rakehell up. In between these large letters it has the company name in red, which is in the centre. underneath the company name it says buymail (hence the fact I got this catalogue by post).It then has a female model at the bottom of the front cover. Along the bottom it has what season the catalogue is in. Underneath they have the contact phone number and the company email address if you want to email them close(predicate) something. The phone number is in a red colour also. I call back the company put their company name and number in red so it stands out and that the people know where to reach them. When you open up the catalogue it has the following logo. The logo is orange and yellow. This gives a feel of the summer, beaches and eagerness.Unde rneath the logo is a brief statement. It entails certain things like they comment on the clothes that are further in the catalogue and other things. It then has the companys email address. Page Layout Throughout the catalogue the page layout is very similar to one another inside. The page layout inside the catalogue is as follows. On the first page it has a picture of a woman. At the bottom left tree it is says Ladieswear pages 3-28. On the next page are the products being displayed. The products are sort of in a circle shape and in the middle is another product.Underneath it has the description of the product. The description underneath the products includes the product name, style number, colour and the sizes it is available in. The products on the page are displayed on a white background. They also have the description underneath the products. This makes the products stand out. The people modelling the clothes on some pages are on a creamy background. They do not have a contents page. But the front-pages before that particular section starts there is a picture of a person and the related product that is being sold on the pages ahead.It also says how many pages long the section is next to the picture. This may act as a contents page. The lack of good description about the product may be a good thing because potential customers may not want to read lots of detail they may want to go straight to the product. They also do not have an index. I conceive this is going to make it a bit hard for the customers to find a specific product they want. I think this because when the person is filling out the order form they might forget a tiny detail about the product and they need to find it quick.They cannot do that in this catalogue therefore they would have to go through the catalogue to find the product they need. I think having an index in the catalogue is very important because it will make it easier for the person to look for a specific product. Back cover The ba ck cover is as follows. It just has pictures from the beach. It also has the company in short (FCUK) in pink on the back cover. At the bottom of the page it has in the analogous style writing as the logos on the inside page it says MEMORIES OF Fcukiki Beach. This is also in orange and yellow to make it a summer, warmth and beach feel.

Saturday, May 25, 2019

Imperialism Dbq Ap European History Essay

Between the period from 1880 to 1914, European powers went after overseas empires in Africa. The governments and political leaders of the European powers believed that this resolution of the African empires was necessary to maintain their planetary influence. A second group of people supposed that African colonization was the result of the greedy Capitalists who only c bed for in the raw resources and markets. The third group of people claimed it to be their job to enlighten and educate the uncivilized people of Africa. Although the political leaders of European powers encouraged colonization of African empires to advance their nations global influence, others argued that it was only for the profiteering of the Capitalists who sought new resources and markets from Africa and those who benefited from colonization argued that these actions were necessary in order to civilize the African people.European heads of states or Political leaders promoted the Colonization of Africa to encou rage greater influence of the European nation around the world. In his speech to the House of Commons in February of 1876, gum benzoin Disraeli, British Prime Minister, argued that the purchase of the Suez Canal would indeed strengthen the empire (Document 2). Disraeli would obviously encourage colonization in order to increase his term in order to increase his political influence. Prince Leopold, heir to the throne of Belgium and future king, likewise said that the acquisition of African colonies would be the opportunity to prove to the world that Belgians also are an imperial people capable of dominating and enlightening others (Document 1). This shows the pressure of less powerful European powers, such as Belgium, to acquire colonies to advance their global influence.Leopold held these views because the more strong European powers had colonized. In 1903, French Diplomat Eugene-Melchoir de Vogue repeated this belief in, The Master of the Sea, when he wrote What used to be a Euro pean balance of power is now a world balance of power and any country that does not wish to become less important mustiness obtain as much relatively as our rivals are doing (Document 10). Archibald Philip Primrose, Lord Rosebery, wrote, in his letter to the London Times, that colonies are essential to the nations survival. Health of mind and ashes exalt a nation in the competition of the universe (Document 8). These political leaders believed that colonization wasnecessary to keep the nations global influence.African colonization obviously offered new wealth sources, such as markets and resources, to the European nations however, many people doubted the ethicality of the act. In his speech in 1888, Joseph Chamberlain, British industrialist, politician and reformer, intelligibly argues that colonization is incredibly necessary to the British nation. He believes that the British Isles could not last for a single day without the natural markets for trade provided by the African col onies (Document 4). However, since he is an industrialist, Chamberlains goal is to increase his own wealth along with his countries, therefore, this argument could be distorted. Cecil Rhodes, British imperialistic, easily revea direct his thoughts on Imperialism when he said Philanthropy is good, just philanthropy at 5 percent is even better in a speech at the chartering of the British South Africa Company in 1889 (Document 5).William Clark disagreed with imperialist in a Progressive Review in 1879. His opinion was that the financers who hope to gain profit use Jameson, a British military officer who led an unsuccessful raid into Boer controlled territory in Southern Africa, as a tool (Document 7). Similarly, the Resolution of the German Social Democratic Party Congress argued that being and colonial policy is pursued for the purpose of capitalist exploitation and for displaying military force It corresponds first and foremost to the greedy desire of the bourgeoisie for new oppor tunities (Document 9). This fellowship rejected their greedy desire.A third group of people believed that Imperialism gave the opportunity to civilize the barbaric people from the African colonies. Rudyard Kiplings The White Mans Burden expresses their duty to do so. Prince Leopold, heir to the throne of Belgium and future king said let us see where there are unoccupied lands where are to be found peoples to civilize, to lead to progress in every sense (Document 1). Martial Henri Merlin, governor general of French Equatorial Africa announced that We France went there by virtue of the right of a civilized, fully developed race to occupy territories which have been left fallow by backward peoples who are plunged into barbarism (Document 11).Therefore, the ripen of Imperialism made the European nations consider the advantages and disadvantages of African colonization. Political leaders of European powers encouraged the colonization of Africa to increase their nations global influence . Others argued that it was only for the profiteering of the Capitalists who valued new resources and markets from African colonies. Lastly, those who benefited from the colonization of Africa argued that these actions were necessary to civilize the barbaric African people as expressed in Rudyard Kiplings The White Mans Burden.

Friday, May 24, 2019

Project Report on Retail

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Retailing consists of each(prenominal) presentivities involved in selling goods and run to consumers for their personal, family or ho substance ab accustomh nonagenarian use. It coers unadulterated revenue of goods ranging from automobiles to appargonl and food proceedss and emolument ranging from hair cutting to air travel and com sticker education. Sales of goods to intermediaries who resell to sell merchants or sales to manufacturers be not considered a sell activity. Retailing stern be examined from to a greater extent perspectives. A manufacturer of white goods a equivalent washing machine and refrigerators has many options to hap out to consumers.It stick out sell through dealers, the company showrooms (Sony World, Videocon Plaza) or hypermarkets ( macroscopic Bazaar). The sell domain in India is highly fragmented with organized sell contri hardlying to tot every last(predicate) in ally 2% of total sell sales. The sell sector in highl y-developed countries was to a fault highly fragmented at the beginning of the last century but the emergence of capacious chains like Wal Mart, Sears, and Mc Donalds led to rapid findth of organized sell and festering consolidation of the retail patience in the developed countries.Today, in India we see a rise in the purchasing power and development of a middle class which follows the western lifestyle. Hence, conditions argon conducive for the rapid proceeds of organized retail in India. Organized retail is growing rapidly and we see the emergence of big(p) organized retail chains like Shoppers Stop, LifeStyle and Westside. We excessively find retail malls mushrooming all over the country. The opportunities in retail industry in India testamenting increase since Indian sell is on the threshold of a major(ip) commute.However, with the rapid harvest in organized retail and increased emphasis of manufacturers on understanding sales at the retail level, the study of sell has become increasingly relevant. -1- OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT v To understand the concept of retailing. v To understand the role and relevancy of retailing for strain and economy. v To identify the activities associated with retailing v To understand the operational structures associated with retail cheeks v considering consumer behaviour in retailing v Understanding the importance of store location for retailer v To understand the nature of merchandise budgeting and unit planning v To understand the concept of race marketing and how does it apply to the retail sector. -2- METHODOLOGY This project is the mixture of theoretical as well as practical knowledge. Also it contains intellects and entropy imparted by the guide. The alternate data required for the project was collected from dissimilar websites and books of reputed authors. The project started with sorting all the raw data and arranging them in perfect line of battle.To add cherish to the project and to understand the practicality of retailing business, I acquire visited various stores who ar the best one(a)s in retailing business. Further, to understand the consumers bust, a field survey was in like manner conducted to find out the tastes and preferences, purchasing habits, expectations of the consumers etc. Analysis of this primary data has been done to actually understand the survey in a better way. -3- personal line of credit OF sellING Although retailing does not enjoy the status of an Industry, the sheer coat this behemoth will develop into, is grabbing attention.The origin of retail in India dates back to antique times when the melas and mandis made heir presence felt. The changing socio economic patterns coupled with the pulmonary tuberculosis increase led to the emergence of the convenience stores, which became a par of the civil planning. The next step was the moneymaking(prenominal) plazas, which comprised merely shops go a variety of goods and run clubbed together. The inconveniences caused by lack of lay place, toilets and maintenance, ushered in the entry braggy planetary brands opening their unsh bed showrooms.The opening up of the economy tho fueled this globalisation. There atomic number 18, however, certain bottlenecks as well the scar city of space, coupled with the stringent nutriment of the Rent Control Act, act as a dissuasive factor for many toyers to initiate trading operations in the main markets. This overly explains why the Rahejas forayed into their retail opine- Shoppers Stop. CURRENT SCENARIO The Indian population is whooping 1 billion with 75% of the pile living in villages and small towns. It is only natural that the agricultural sector is the biggest employer with its contribution to GDP pegged at 26. %. Retail is Indias salients industry after Agriculture with around 20% of the economically active population engaged in it and generation 10% of our countrys GDP. The growth of the competent small store cultu re can be attributed to the 6 million villages distributed across the aloofness and breadth of the country. The 12 million retail outlets in India are the highest in the orbit, and cater to the purchase need of its pole. It is interesting to note, that the Urban Population although just 25% of the total, is an astounding 250 million in size and is growing at a healthy rate of 7% per annum.The chief driver of growth in the retail sector has been the consumer, with the spending increasing at an average of 11% per annum. The Core and the Lower middle have increased their share in the Growth. -4- The Indian consumers shop needs are and traditionally have been fulfilled by Kirana sores (corner stores), Kiosks, street vendors, weekly bazaars and high-street shops for consumer dur fits and luxury goods. To cater to this, each city developed its own identity and obtain cluster, for instance in Pune there is MG Road, Bangalore has Brigade Road and Commercial Street, Delhi has Connaught Place, Karol Bagh and South Extension.India will have 358 shopping malls by 2007. Droves of middle-class Indians have broken off their love of traditional stand-alone shops that have no ACs, organized parking lots and other public amenities, correspond to a study by fashion magazine Image. At present (September 23, 2005), In India we have 96 malls, covering an area of 21. 6 million sq ft. And by year end the count will shoot up to 158 malls. It will cover 34 million sq ft area. Currently estimated at $205 billion to grow to $400-500 million, over the next 2-3 geezerhood. v Smaller cities will have about 12. 8 million sq ft of mall space by 2007. Ludhiana to notice for 2. 5 million sq ft. v Ahmedabad about 3. 4 million sq ft. v Delhi and Mumbai now have maximum number of shopping centres. v Gurgoan saw the largest development in terms of retail outlet. v North region has 39% of Indias retail share. v East region has 10% of Indias retail share. v West region has 33% of Indias retai l share. v South region has 18% of Indias retail share. v Government and co-operative sector is also making their steps in retailing. For example, Kendriya Bhandar, Apna Bazar, Mother Dairy, Super Bazar etc. -5- MAJOR RETAILER SPACE HOLDERS IN INDIAORGANIZATION Bata RPG Raymond Area Sq. ft 10,00,000 6,00,000 5,42,000 Pantaloon/Big Bazaar 5,00,000 Metro cash-n-carry Spencer LifeStyle Shoppers Stop Trent Globus Piramyd 3,00,000 2,80,000 2,50,000 2,00,000 2,00,000 1,75,000 1,50,000 The second Annual Images Retail Awards (September 22, 2005)v Retail Face of the social class Kishore Biyani, MD, Pantaloon Retail India Ltd. v Retail culture of the year Shoppers Stop v Retail Launch of the Year Pantaloon Central. v Shopping Centre of the Year Inorbit Mall v Retail Brand of the Year Titan v Retail Concept of the Year Reliance Truck Stop. retail merchant of the Year Value Retailing Big Bazar v retail merchant of the Year Catering Service McDonalds. v Retailer of the Year Food & Grocery Fo od Bazaar. v Retailer of the Year Health & Beauty VLCC. v Retailer of the Year Entertainment PVR. v Retailer of the Year Department Store Westside. v Retailer of the Year Forecourt Retailing Bharat Petroleum Corp. Ltd. v Retailer of the Year Leisure Crossword Bookstore. -6- SWOT OF THE MARKET STRENGTH 1. Organized retailing at US$ 3. 31 billion, growing at 8%. 2. 2nd largest contributor to GDP after agriculture at 20%. . Pattern of consumption changing along with shopping trends. 4. A Growing population will translate to move consumers. 5. Consumer spending increasing at 11% annually. 6. Almost 25 million sq. ft. retail space available. 7. Paradigm shift in shopping experience for consumers pulling in more than people. 8. Most of the entrants to organized retail come from 3 main categories, and have ventured into retail as their business extension. v Real Estate Developers v Corporate Houses v Manufacturers/Exporters WEAKNESSES 1. Shortage of quality retail spaces at affordable rat es. 2.Government regulations on development of real estate(Urban region Ceiling Act) 3. Need to volunteer Value for Money-squeezing allowances 4. Lack of industry status. 5. Retail revolution restricted to 250 million people due to monolithic urban-rural divide. 6. Footfalls not a clear indicator of sales as actual consumers lower in number. 7. Lack of huge investments for expansion. OPPORTUNITIES 1. Increasing urban population-more participants in retail revolution. 2. Increase in consuming middle class population. 3. Social factors like dual sign income has enhanced spending power. 4.Spends moving towards lifestyle products and esteem enhancing products. 5. Avail cogency of old industrial lands-prime real estate locked in sick industrial units. -7- 6. Average grocery spends at 42% of monthly spends-presents a huge opportunity. 7. Increase in use of credit cards. THREATS 1. Rising lease/rental be touch oning project viability 2. FDI restrictions in the retail sector 3. Poor m onsoons and low GDP Growth could affect consumer spending drastically. 4. Archaic labour laws are a hindrance to providing 24/7 shopping experience 5. Personalized service offered by Mom-&-Pop stores. 6.Un availability of dependent personnel to support exponential growth in retail. 7. Differentiate taxation laws hindering expansion. RETAIL VIABILITY As per the CII McKinsey report, based on a GDP growth rate of 6-7% per annum, by 2010 the retail sector is expected to be US $ 300 Billion industry. Some of the major factors hindering the growth of this sector are as follows v The non-industry structure and status v The lack of adequate infrastructure v FDI restrictions in this sector v The huge investments required in expanding their markets, v Problems associated with drubing Capital funding from lending Institutions. 8- BIG BAZAAR THE INDIAN WAL-MART Pantaloon Retail (India) Limited is today recognized as one of the poneers in the business of organized retailing in the country wit h a turnover of over RS 400 crores in the financial year ending June 2003. The company is headquartered in Mumbai with zonal offices at Kolkata, Bangalore and Gurgaon (Delhi). It has 4 kinds of stores 14 Pantaloon Family Stores, 7 Big Bazaar discount hypermarkets, 6 Food Bazaar Stores with over 6. 5 lakh sq ft retail space across Kolkata, Mumbai, Thane Pune, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Bagpur, Ahmedabad, Kanpur, Chennai and Gugaon (Delhi).Pantaloon Retail India Limited is the flagship company of the Pantaloon group promoted by Mr Kishore Biyani. It has been one of the pioneers in organized retailing in India. It began its retailing operations in India way back in 1987. Currently, it manufactures and sells ready-made garments through its own retail outlets and two discounting stores. The company plans to diversify into the business of discounting in a big way, which is conducted at the growing middle class segment. It has Indias second largest retail chain with 17 retail outlets and two d iscounting stores branded as Big Bazaars across the country at an estimated retail space of ,01,300 sq. ft. The company plans to double its retail space in the next couple of years. Pantaloon has come up with an excellent tax income clay sculpture, sharpening on honour for money segment. Pantaloon plans to target the upper middle and the middle class segment, which forms the large chunk of Indian population. This segment is actually monetary value conscious and always looks out for value for money. Pantaloon successfully launched its discount store chain, which targets the large and growing upper-middle and middle class of Indian society.This is totally in pedigree to the other organized retail players, which focus on high net-worth of individuals. Big Bazaar has strong own brand names in its portfolio across product categories. The brands include Pantaloon, John Miller and Bare. Higher percentage of own brand sales improves margins, thus reducing the break blush level of sale s. Big Bazaar has diversified from apparels to household items in its discount stores. This has enabled them to enlarge their basket of offerings. -9- RETAIL CONCEPT The distribution of consumer products begins with the producer and ends at the ultimate consumer.Between the producer and the consumer there is a touchthe retailer, who links the producers and the ultimate consumers. Retailing is defined as a conclusive set of activities or steps used to sell a product or a service to consumers for their personal or family use. It is responsible for matching individual demands of the consumer with supplies of all the manufacturers. The word retail is derived from the French work retaillier, meaning to cut a piece off or to break bulk. A retailer is a person, agent, agency, company, or organization which is instrumental in reaching the goods, merchandise, or services to the ultimate consumer.Retailers perform specific activities much(prenominal) as anticipating clients wants, developin g changes of products, acquiring market information, and financing. A common assumption is that retailing involves only the sale of products in stores. However, it also includes the sale of services like those offered at a restaurant, parlour, or by car rental agencies. The selling need not necessarily take place through a store. Retailing encompasses selling through the mail, the earnings, doorto-door visitsany stemma that could be used to approach the consumer.When manufacturers like dingle computers sell instanter to the consumer, they also perform the retailing work on. Retailing has become such an intrinsic part of our everyday lives that it is oftentimes taken for granted. The nations that have enjoyed the great economic and social progress have been those with a strong retail sector. Why has retailing become such a popular method of conducting business? The answer lies in the benefits a vibrant retailing sector has to offer an easier access to a variety of products, freedom of choice and higher levels of customer service.As we all know, the ease of entry into retail business results in fierce challenger and better value for customer. To enter retailing is easy and to fail is even easier. Therefore, in parliamentary procedure to survive in retailing, a firm must do a satisfactory job in its primary role i. e. , ply to customers. Retailers equal and profit vary depending on their typecast of operation and major product line. Their profit is commonly a small fraction of sales and is chiefly about 9-10%. Retail stores of antithetical sizes face distinct challenges and their sales volume influences 10- business opportunities, merchandise purchase policies, nature or promotion and expense admit measures. Over the last decade there have been sweeping changes in the general retailing business. For instance, what was once a strictly made-to-order market for garb has now changed into a ready-to-wear market. Flipping through a catalogue, picking the right colour, size, and type of clothing a person wanted to purchase and then waiting to have it sewn and shipped was the standard practice in the earlier days.By the turn of the century some retailers set up a storefront where people could browse, while new pieces were being sewn or customized in the back rooms. Almost all retail businesses have undergone a similar transition over the years. DRIVERS OF CHANGE IN RETAILING v Changing demographics and industry structure v Expanding computer technology v Emphasis on lower cost and prices v Emphasis on convenience and service v Focus on productivity v Added experimentation v Continuing growth of non-store retailing. In todays competitive environment retailers have redefined their role in general, and in the value chain in exceptional.Retailers act as gatekeepers who decide on which new products should find their way to the shelves of their stores. As a result, they have a strong say in the success of the product or service launch ed by a business firm. kA product manager of household appliances claimed, Marketers have to sell a new product some(prenominal) times, primary within the company, then to the retailer and finally to the user of the product. It is a well-established fact that manufacturers need to sill their products through retail formats that are compatible with their business strategy, brand image, and market profile in order to ensure a competitive edge.The role of retailers in the present competitive environment has gained attention from manufacturers because external parties such as market intermediaries and supplying partners are becoming increasingly powerful. It is indispensable for -11- marketers of consumer products to identify the need and motivations of their partners in the marketing channel. This is especially true in the case or new products. The increasing numbers of product categories followed by multiple brands in each category complicate decision-making for both manufacture rs and market intermediaries.Retailers want of optimize sales within the control shelf space, governed by their individual sales philosophy. Retailers undertake risk in selecting a portfolio of products or brands to offer to their customers. Retailers have to make optimum selection of goods to be interchange given up the following major concerns v Selling space available is relatively decided and must beget maximum profits. If such space is set-aside(p) by merchandise that is not moving, it will not result in profit. The retailer may have to resort to substantial price reductions in order to get rid of the unsold lineage. There is always the risk of non-performance in terms of quality, supplies etc. , which in turn harms the image of the retail outlet. Retailing is a dynamic industryconstantly changing due to shifts in the needs of the consumers and the growth of technology. Retail formats and companies that were unknown three decades ago are now major forces in the economy. Therefore, the challenges for retail managers the world over are increasingthey must take decisions ranging from setting the price of a bag of rice to setting up multimillion dollar stores in malls.Selecting target markets, determining what merchandise and services to offer, negotiating with suppliers, training salespeoplethese are just a fewer of the many blend ins that a retail manager has to perform on a perpetual base of operations. The world over retail business is dominated by smaller family run chain stores and regionally targeted stores but gradually more and more markets in the western world are being taken over by billion dollar multinational conglomerates, such as Wal-Mart, Sears, McDonalds, Marks and Spencer.The larger retailers have managed to set up huge supply/distribution chains, inventory management systems, financing pacts and wide-scale marketing plans. In the ground of globalization, liberalization and highly aware customers, a retailer is required to make a conscious effort to position himself distinctively to face the -12- rivalry. This is determined to a great extent by the retail mix strategy followed by a company to sell its products. GLOBAL RETAIL-INDUSTRY-RELATED FACTS v Worldwide retail sales are estimated at US $7 trillion. v The top 200 largest retailers account for 30% of the worldwide demand. The money spent on household consumption worldwide increased by 68% between 1980 and 1998. v Retail sales are for the most part driven by peoples ability (disposable income) and willingness ( consumer confidence ) to buy. v The 1998 UNDP Human Development Report points to the fact that global expenditures on advertising are ( including in developing countries ) increasing luxurianter than the world economy, suggesting that the sector is becoming one of the major players in the development process. REGIONAL FACTS v Some two-thirds or US $6. 6 trillion out of the US $10 trillion American economy is consumer spending.About 40% or that ($3 trillion) is spent on discretionary products and services. v Retail turnover in the EU was almost 2,000 billion in 2001 and the sectors better than average growth looks set to continue in the future. v Retail change in Europe employs 15% of the European workforce (3 million firms and 13 million workers). v The Asian economies (excluding Japan) are expected to have 6% growth rates in 2005-06. -13- CONSUMER EXPECTATIONS v Time and quality of life are becoming relatively more important than money 60% of Americans want to fart a simple life. Product performance was found to be the top purchasing criterion, while environmental features were a close second in a survey conducted by the Alliance for Environmental Innovation in conjunction with SC Johnson Wax. CHARACTERISTICS OF RETAILING Retailing can be distinguished in various ways from other businesses such as manufacturing. Retailing differs from manufacturing in the following ways v There is direct end-user interaction in retaili ng. v In is the only point in the value chain to provide a platform for promotions. v Sales at the retail level are for the most part in smaller unit sizes. Location is a critical factor in retail business. v In most retail businesses services are as important as core products. v There are a larger number of retail units compared to other members of the value chain. This pass ons primarily to fit out the requirements of geographical coverage and population density. Direct Interaction with Customers Retail businesses have a direct interaction with end-users of goods or services in the value chain. They act as intermediaries between end-users and suppliers such as wholesalers or manufacturers.Therefore, they are in a position to effectively communicate the response and changing preferences of the consumers to the suppliers or sales persons of the company. This helps the manufacturers and markets to redefine their product and change the components of its marketing strategy fitly. M anufacturers require a strong retail network both for reach of the product and to obtain a powerful platform for promotions and point-of-purchase advertising. Realizing the importance of retailing in the entire value chain, many manufacturers have entered into retail business by setting up exclusive stores for their brands.This has not only provided direct contact with customers, but has also acted as advertisement for the companies and has provided -14- the manufacturers with bargaining power with respect to other retailers who conveyed their product. Retailing provides great sales people support for products which are information intensive, such as in the case or consumer durables. Lower Average Amount of Sales motion The average amount of sales transaction at retail point is much less in comparison to the other partners in the value chain. some(prenominal) consumers buy products in small quantities for household consumption.Due to lower disposable incomes, some consumer segme nts in India even buy grocery items on a casual foundation garment rather than a weekly or a monthly basis. Inventory management becomes a challenge for retailers as a result of the many minor transactions with a large number of customers. Hence, retailers must take care of determining average levels of stock, order levels and the retailer has to keep a lopsided control on costs associated with each transaction in the selling process. Credit verification, employment of personnel, value-added activities like bagging, gift-wrapping and promotional incentives all add up to the costs. maven way to resolve this is for the retail outlets to be able to attract the maximum possible number of shoppers. Point-of-purchase Display and Promotions A significant relevant chunk of retail sales comes from unplanned or impulse purchases. Studies have shown that shoppers often do not carry a fixed shopping list and pick up merchandise based on impulsive or situational appeal. Many do not look at ads before shopping. Since a lot of retail products are low involvement in nature, impulse purchases of the shopper is a vital area that every retailer must tap into.Therefore, endanger, point-of-purchase merchandise, store layou8t and catalogues become important. Impulse goods like chocolates, snack foods and magazines can sell much more quickly if they are placed in a high visibility and high traffic location. bigger Number of Retail Business Units Location of retail store plays an important role compared to other business units. Manufacturers decide the location on the basis of availability of factors of productions -15- and market. Similarly, retailers consider factors like potential demand, supply of merchandise and store image-related factors in locating the retail outlet.The number of operation units in retail is the highest compared to other constituents ot the value chain, primarily to obtain the needs for geographic reach and customer accessibility. THEORIES AND MODELS OF R ETAILING 1. DIALECTIC PROCESS An evolutionary surmise based on the premise that retail institutions evolve. The theory suggests that new retail formats emerge by adopting characteristics from other forms of retailers in much the same way that a child is the product of the pooled genes of two different individuals. 2. GRAVITY MODEL A theory about the structure of market areas.The model states that the volume of purchases by consumers and the frequency of trips to the outlets are a function of the size of the store and the distance between the store and the origin of the shopping trip. 3. RETAIL ACCORDION THEORY- A theory of retail institutional changes that suggests that retail institutions go from outlets with wide assortments to specialized, narrow, line store merchants and then back again to the more general, wide-assortment institution. It is also referred to as the generalspecific-general theory. 4.RETAIL LIFECYCLE THEORY-A theory of retail competition that states that retai ling institutions, like the products they distribute, pass through and identifiable cycle. This cycle can be partitioned into four distinct stages i. Innovation, ii. Accelerated development, iii. Maturity, and iv. Decline. 5. WHEEL OF RETAILING THEORY A theory of retail institutional changes that explains retail evolution with an institutional life cycle concept. 6. NATURAL SELECTION THEORY A theory of retail institutional changes that states that retailing institutions that an most effectively adapt to environmental changes are the ones that are most likely to prosper or survive. -16- 7. CENTRAL PLACE THEORY A model that ranks communities according to the assortment of goods available in each. At the bottom of the hierarch are communities that represent the smallest central places (centres of commerce). They provide the basic necessities of life. Further up the pecking order are the larger central places, which carry all goods and services, found in lower-order central places p lus more specialized ones that are not necessary.FUNCTIONS OF RETAILING Retailers play a significant role as a conduit between manufacturers, wholesalers, suppliers and consumers. In this context, they perform various functions like sorting, breaking bulk, keeping stock, as a channel of communication, storage, advertising and certain additional services. SORTIONG Manufacturers usually make one or a variety of products and would like to sell their entire inventory to a few buyers to redu7ce costs. Final consumers, in contrast, prefer a large variety of goods and services to choose from and usually buy them in small quantities.Retailers are able to commensurateness the demands of both sides, by collection an assortment of goods from different sources, buying them in sufficiently large quantities and selling them to consumers in small units. The above process is referred to as the sorting process. Through this process, retailers undertake activities and perform functions that add to the value of the products and services sold to the consumer. Supermarkets in the US offer, on and average, 15,000 different items from 500 companies. Customers are able to choose from a wide range of designs, sizes and brands from just one location.If each manufacturer had a separate store for its own products, customers would have to visit several stores to complete their shopping. While all retailers offer an assortment, they specialize in types of assortment offered and the market to which the offering is made. Westside provides clothing and accessories, while a chain like Nilgiris specializes in food and bakery items. Shoppers Stop targets the elite urban class, while Pantaloons is targeted at the middle class. -17- BREAKING BULK Breaking bulk is another function performed by retailing.The word retailing is derived from the French word retailler, meaning to cut a piece off. To reduce transportation costs, manufacturers and wholesalers typically ship large cartons of the product, which are then tailored by the retailers into smaller quantities to meet individual consumption needs. HOLDING STOCK Retailers also offer the service of holding stock for the manufacturers. Retailers swan an inventory that allows for instant availability of the product to the consumers. It helps to keep prices stable and enables the manufacturer to regulate production.Consumers can keep a small stock of products at home as they know that this can be replenished by the retailer and can save on inventory carrying costs. ADDITIONAL SERVICES Retailers ease the change in ownership of merchandise by providing services that make it convenient to buy and use products. Providing product guarantees, after-sales service and dealing with consumer complaints are some of the services that add value to the actual product at the retailers end. Retailers also offer credit and hire-purchase facilities to the customers to enable them to buy a product now and fabricate foe it later.Retailers fill or ders, promptly process, deliver and install products. Salespeople are also employed by retailers to answer queries and provide additional information about the displayed products. The display itself allows the consumer to see and test products before actual purchase. Retail essentially completes transactions with customers. CHANNEL OF COMMUNICATION Retailers also act as the channel of communication and information between the wholesalers or suppliers and the consumers. From advertisements, salespeople -18- and display, shoppers learn about the characteristics and features of a product or services offered.Manufacturers, in their turn, learn of sales forecasts, delivery delays, and customer complaints. The manufacturer can then modify defective or unsatisfactory merchandise and services. TRANSPORT AND ADVERTISING FUNCTIONS Small manufacturers can use retailers to provide assistance with transport, storage, advertising and pre-payment of merchandise. This also works the other way round in case the number of retailers is small. The number of functions performed by a particular retailer has a direct sex act to the percentage and volume of sales needed to cover both their costs and profits.As a result of these functions, retailers are required to perform the following activities ACTIVITIES PERFORMED BY RETAILERS Retailers undertake various business activities and perform functions that add value to the offerings they make to their target segments. Retailers provide convenient location, stock and appropriate mix of merchandise in suitable packages in accordance with the needs of customers. The four major activities carried out by retailers are 1. Arrange for assortment of offerings 2. Breaking quantity 3. Holding stock 4. Ex scating servicesARRANGING ASSORTMENT An assortment is a retailers selection of merchandise. It includes both the depth and breadth of products carried. Retailers have to select the combination of assortments from various categories. The assortme nts must include substitutable items of multiple brands and price points. They should be distinguished on account of physical dimensions and attributes e. g. , colour or flavour. The small retailer takes assortment decision on the basis of his experience -19- on the other hand retailers from organized retailing depend on a detailed study of aside trends and future projections.Retailers need to consider certain factors while devising assortment plans for their stores profitability associated with particular merchandise mix, store image, layout and the level of compatibility between the existing merchandise. For example, FoodWorld, a leading food supermarket positioned as a one-stop shopping centre, deals in multiple product categories along with all possible variants of brands, stock keeping units, and physical attributes in order to meet the expectations of their consumers and survive in the business.Whereas, Subhiksha, a grocery chain in south India has impressive assortments of o nly the fast moving brands rather than all available variants in the market. Their assortment plan is governed by location, size and store image of their stores. BREAKING BULK Breaking bulk means physical repackaging of the products by retailers in small unit sizes according to customers convenience and stocking requirements. Normally, retailers receive large quantities of sacks and cases of merchandise from suppliers to reduce their transportation costs.In order to meet their customers requirements retailers have to break or arrange the bulk into convenient units. This entire function of the retailers adds value to the offerings not only for the end customers but also for the suppliers in the value chain. Even in the earlier days of generic and commodity-based trading most of the retailers used to perform this important function in the value chain. This function receives negligible attention from the retailers now due the introduction of new product categories, such as FMCG and rea dyto-wear apparel.HOLDING STOCK To ensure the regular availability of the offerings retailers maintain appropriate levels of inventory. Consumers normally depend on the retailers directly to replenish their stocks at home. Therefore, retailers, on periodic basis, maintain the required levels of stock to meet the regular or seasonal fluctuations in the demand. Retailers need to maintain equilibrium between the range or variety carried and the sales which it gives rise to. Retailers have to face the negative consequences of holding unwanted levels of stockfor instance, as well as little stock -20- ill hamper the sales volume, whereas, too much stock will increase the retailers cost of operation. Generally, in small towns of India most retailers have arrangements with the nearby warehouses to stock the goods. Some are so small that they have to stock only on the shop floor. Retailers in the organized sector, to a certain extent, are using effective software packages for maintaining ad equate levels of inventory. At the same time, retailers avail of just-in-time deliveries with the help of efficient consumer response systems, which reduces the burden of maintaining high levels of stocks.EXTENDING SERVICES Retailing provides multiple services to immediate customers and other members of the value chain. The set of services extended by particular retailers may be part of their core product offerings or it may be add on to their product or service. Retailers offer credit, home delivery, after-sales services and information regarding new products to their customers, thereby making the shopping experience convenient and enjoyable. At the same time, they provide stocking place, reach to the ultimate customers, and information about the oncerned target segment to the suppliers. For example, Time Zone, the first organized retail chain of wristwatches in India, started by leading watch manufacturers Titan, set up in all its stores, service centres with proper equipment and trained manpower. This has not only diluted the relevance of service providers in the unorganized sector but has also enhanced the confidence of the customers in the retai9l services provided by the particular retail chain, as after-sales service is considered to be an integral ingredient of the watch purchase.CATEGORIZING RETAILERS Categorizing retailers helps in understanding the competition and the frequent chandes that occur in retailing. There is no universally accepted method of classifying a retail outlet, although many categorization schemes have been proposed. Some of these include classifying on the basis of v Number of outlets v Margin Vs Turnover v Location v Size. -21- The number of outlets operated by a retailer can have a significant impact on the competitiveness of a retail firm.Generally, a greater number of outlets add strength to the firm because it is able to spread fixed costs, such as advertising and managers salaries, over a greater number of stores in additio n to acquiring economies of purchase. While any retailer operating more than one store can be technically categorise as a chain owner, for practical purposes a chain store refers to a retail firm which has more than 11 units. In the United States, for example, chain stores account for nearly 95% of general merchandise stores. Small chains can use economies of scale while tailoring merchandise to local needs.Big chains operating on a national scale can save costs by a centralized system of buying and accounting. A chain store could have either a standard stock list ensuring that the same merchandise is stocked in every retail outlet or an optional stock list giving the outlets the advantage of changing the merchandise according to customer needs in the area. Because of their size, chain stores are often channel captains of the marketing channelcaptains can influence other channel partners, such as wholesalers, to carry out activities they might not otherwise engage in, such as exten ded payment terms and special package sizes.Big stores focus on large markets where their customers live and work. They use technology to learn more about their customers and target them with point-of-sale machines interactive kiosks, and sophisticated forecasting and inventory systems. They tend to stock a narrow range of inventory that sells well and maintain an extensive inventory of the fast selling products. Branding is important to them. Pricing is often a anchor area of focus for these retailers. Big stores have many strengths, including regional or national reputation, huge buying power, vast inventory and hassle-free return and exchange policies.Their prime locations, the consistency in their products and services, the fact that they are open when people can and want to shop and the clear consistent image and identity they develop and maintain challenge the abilities and resources of many small retailers. Perhaps their biggest advantage is their knowledge in every aspect o f their business, from inventory selection to store layout. However, large retailers are not perfect. They have competitive weaknesses that small retailers can exploit. Most offer the same standardized assortments of products nationally. Local managers have little say in inventory selection.Often, sales staff has minimal product knowledge. Staff turnover is extremely high. Most large retailers have little connection with -22- the community they serve. They usually do not offer special services. Larger companies are often slow to recognize and react to changes in their local markets. Independent retailers can co-exist and enlarge in the shadow of the big chains by developing a niche within the diverse market. The niche should be developed on the basis of new or unusual product offerings, superior service and overall quality. While value is important, price may be less important.Efficient operations, including particular buying practices, are a must. Customer contact within the nich e market must be characterized by high-touch service. The key factor is innovation stores that do not change will perish. The road to success for the independent retailer lies in doing all the things those big chain stores can not or will not do. The successful independent retailers embrace the following principles v Be prepared for change. v Move to a narrower niche market and stop competing directly with the big retailers. v Learn more about customers and include best customers in a database. Invest appropriately in advertising and promotion. v explosive charge regular prices and avoid discounting (ensure requisite mark-up). v Buy with precision and search out speciality suppliers. v Maintain essential inventory. v Focus on profit instead of volume (be ready to lose an occasional sale). v Provide extraordinary service. v Employ the best possible staff. v Understand the significance of the Internet. Gross margin and inventory turnover is another means of classifying retailers. Gro ss margin is net sales minus the cost of goods sold and gross margin percentage is the return on sales.A 30% margin implies that a retailer generates Rs 30 for every Rs 100 sales that can be used to pay operating expenses. Inventory turnover refers to the number of times per year, on average, a retailer sells his inventory. On the basis of this, retailers are classified as low margin low turnoverthose that cannot survive the competitionand low margin high turnover, exemplified by Amazon. com. Jewellery stores and appliance stores are examples of high margin low turnover stores and only a few retailers achieve high margin high turnover. These -23- etailers are in the best position to combat competition because their high turnover allows them to withstand price wars. The drawback of the classification by this method is that service retailers who have no inventory turnover cannot be encompassed. One of the old means of classification of retailers is by location, generally within a metr opolitan area. Retailers are no longer satisfied with traditional locations within a citys business district but are on the constant lookout for alternate locations to reach customers. Besides renovating old stores, retailers are testing temporary locations to expand their clientele.With the advent of the Internet, this area of retailing is likely to undergo tremendous changes in the coming years. Size is often used as a yardstick to classify retailers because costs often differ on the basis of size, with big retailers having lower operational costs per dollar than smaller players. However, in this sphere too, the Internet may make size an obsolete method of comparison. TRENDS IN RETAIL FORMATS Retail industry is continuously going through changes on account of liberalization, globalization and consumer preferences.While multinational retail chains are looking for new markets, manufacturers are identifying, redefining, or evolving new retail formats. The existing retail houses are also gearing up to face the emerging competition from the organized sector and the changing observation tower of the consumers. For example, consumer spending is shifting from goods to services. Accordingly the retailers too are fast adjusting to the changing consumer preferences. Consumers are not only looking for the core products or functional benefits from the retailers but also the non-functional benefits, which need to be compatible with their lifestyles.For example, most of the traditional eating pegs in India such as Haldiram, Bikaner and Sagar Ratna have revised their product offerings and atmospherics on the lines of the multinational chains to compete with them and to serve changed expectations of the consumers. Mom-and-pop Stores and Traditional Kirana Stores The retail sector is changing as new store categories have started dominating the marketplace. Mass merchandisers (Wal-Mart, Big Bazaar), discount clubs (Subhiksha), -24- so-called category killers (Home Depot, V ishal chain), and speciality retailers (Time Zone, Tanishq) have all developed a successful retail models.At the same time, the small mom-and-pop stores and the traditional department stores, are finding the competition intense. In 2002, while Wal-Mart and charge saw revenues grow (by 12% and 10%, respectively), department stores such as Saks and Federated experienced declining revenues (down 3% and 1% respectively). But even in the mass-merchandising segment, the competition is fierce, as is evidenced by Kmarts bankruptcy announcement in 2002. Small independent stores, across product categories, is a very common retail formats they are also undertaking large scale renovations to appeal and attract their target consumer segments.E-commerce The amount of retail business being conducted on the Internet is growing every year. Indeed, Forrester Research Agency projects e-commerce revenue to rise to $123 billion in 2004, an increase of some 28% over the previous year and for e-tailing t o comprise a bigger slice of the overall retail pie (5. 6%, up from 4. 5% in 2003). Many major retail organizations and manufacturers have online retail stores. Companies like Amazon. com and frontmost and second. com, which helped pioneer the retail e-commerce concept, are now being followed by bricks-and-mortar and catalogue retailers like J.Crew, which are expanding retail e-commerce into new markets. Department Stores A few years ago, names like Sears, J. C. Penney, Macys, and Montgomery Ward dominated malls and downtowns all over America. Over the last decade or so, however, these department stores have suffered badly. In part, this is a result of changing shopping patterns and increased competition from discount stores. It has also come from financial burdens incurred by companies that acquired competing companies and grew too fast. It is unlikely that these players will disappear from the market.However, they should be ready to expect more bumps as the strong get stronger an d the weak get absorbed. -25- Discount Stores These are giants such as Wal-Mart (the largest retailer in the world, with more than a million employees), Target and Kmart, as well as membership warehouses, such as Costco. These, along with the category killers, have changed the landscape of both the retail industry and America. Where once mom-and-pop and department stores dominated retail, now the discount retailers and category killers are at the top of the heap.And where once shopping malls, anchored by at least(prenominal) one major department store, used to be the dominant retail presence lining the nations roads, now it is the behemoth Wal-Marts and Home Depots. kin Killers These are the giant retailers that dominate one area of merchandise (e. g. , Office Depot, Tower Records and The Sports Authority). They are able to buy bathroom tiles, file cabinets, electronic goods or pet food in such huge volumes that they can then sell them at prices even fairly large competitors canno t match.The future of this category is better than that of many of the more general discounters, but the same employment caveats apply. For most job seekers, these companies offer earn-and-learn experiences with vendors and distributors before they move onward and upward. Speciality Stores These include crate & Barrel, the Body Shop, and Victorias Secret. These stores concentrate on one type of merchandise and offer it in a manner that makes it special. Some are very high-end (Louis Vuitton) while others cater to the price-conscious masses (Old Navy).Many are so successful that department stores have started to emulate their buying, marketing, and merchandise display strategies. Industry experts predict growth in this segment, especially in home furnishings and home improvement, and it seems to attract many of the best and brightest in retail. Promotion and obligation come quickly to those willing to work hard, and in many of these stores the hand of bureaucracy is not heavy. -26- E-tailers While most retailers have online storefronts, strictly online purveyors with no bricksand-mortar counterparts are hoping to snare a percentage of the retail profit.Major players, such as Amazon. com, have generated enough business to cause top brick-andmortar competitors to come up with their own Internet sites. Traditional retailers like Wal-Mart and Starbucks, enormously successful in their own right, have also set up online stores so as not to miss out on the revenue opportunities that the Interned offers. -27- BARISTA Barista positioned its outlets as a place where people meet each other in an environment, which fulfills both their social and intellectual needs. The music is not too loud and encourages conversation, and the person behind the counter is non-intrusive and friendly.Any consumer knows that even when it is crowded at Barista, you will have your share of privacy. This is because the other consumer is not listening in he is too involved in himself. MARGIN F REE MARKETS Margin muster out Markets is the largest retail chain in the state of Kerala and one of the leading retail chains in India. The first outlet of this chain started functioning on 26 January 1994 at Thiruvananthapuram. There are currently more than 275 franchisees of Margin Free Markets spread all over south India. The outlets are franchises and are not actually owned by the chain.The Consumer Protection and Guidance Society currently control Margin Free Markets, which is registered charitable institution that started functioning in 1993. The consumers are assured of quality, quantity and fair price of the goods sold through the Margin Free Markets. Any retailer can upgrade his shop to a Margin Free outlet by sending in an application to the society. If his application is accepted, he has to make the necessary investment as required. These shops deal in the enter gamut of foods required by a home for its monthly onsumption, grocery, food and non-food FMCG items, fruits an d vegetables, consumer goods and household articles. Margin Free outlets are typical discount stores, offering one-stop-shop convenience and self service facility at significant discount to its customers. Most of these customers, in time, turn out to be its permanents customers by taking discounts cards, which permit them to obtain larger discounts than the non-card holders. The necessity to offer protection against the rising prices gave birth to the idea of Margin Free Markets. An enthusiastic entrepreneur, named Mr N.Ravikumar, conceived the idea. The idea turned out to be an instant success in Kerala especially because Kerala is more of, a consumer state than a producing state Kerala depends on her neighbouring states for her consumer needs. Due to the large number of intermediaries involved and the transportation costs, the prices are high and there is a wide fluctuation in the prices of groceries, fruits and vegetables. -28- RETAIL ORGANIZATION The term retail organization ref ers to the basic format or structure of a retail business designed to cater to the needs of the end customer.Recently, some scholars have started referring to India as a nation of shopkeepers. This epithet has its roots in the huge number of retail enterprises in India, which were over 12 million in 2003. About 78% of these are small family businesses utilizing only household labour. Retail firms may be independently owned, parts of a retail chain, operated as a franchisee, leased departments, owned by manufacturers or wholesalers, consumersowned or co-operative society. A retail unit could be owned by v Manufacturer (e. g. , company owned retail outlets) v contact (e. g. Vastra outlet in Rajouri in New Delhi) v Independent retailer (Chanakya Sweet Shop near Hazratganj in Lucknow) v Consumer (consumer owned grocery stores in man y residential societies) v Co-operative society (e. g. , Mother Dairy milk booths in Delhi) v Government (e. g. , Cottage Emporia) v Ownership divided up a mong franchiser and franchisee (e. g. , Archies Gallery) Although most Indian retailers fall in the category of small-scale units, there are also some very big retailers. Organized retail stores are generally characterized by large, professionally managed store formats providing goods and services hat appeal to customers, in an ambience that is conducive for shopping and provides a memorable experience to customers. From spatial relation and operating perspectives, each ownership format serves a marketplace niche and presents certain advantages and disadvantages. Retail executives must not lose sight of this in contend up their strengths and working around their weaknesses. THE CHANGING STRUCTURE OF RETAILING All dynamic developments in retailing, from the birth of departmental stores in the last century to the modern emergence of warehouse clubs and hypermarkets, have been -29- responses to a changing environment.Changing customer demand, new technologies, intense competition, a nd social changes create new opportunities even as they shudder up existing business. The retail business formats have been changing very fast mainly due to technological influences. The Internet and the Web technologies have created a myriad f opportunities for the Web-based business model of retailing. This has created a competition for the retailer with its own self. Besides, the challenge for the retailer now is to keep abreast of these latest formats in order to maintain and grow its share of market and compete within its band of retailers.A key impact of technology has been provision of greater information to the customer. Hence, a big challenge for the retailer in the information savvy world of today is that the opportunities for price differentiate itself qualitatively by superior customer services or better value for money to the customer. CLASSIFICATION OF RETAIL UNITS Conceptual classification of a business unit provides the marketers with strategical guidelines, useful in the design of retailing strategy. Besides, retail businesses are extremely diverse and there are quite a few types of retail units.Therefore, retail units are classified on multiple of ownership, geographical locations, kind of customer interaction level of services provided etc. Retailers Classified on the Basis of Ownership One of the first decisions that the retailer has to make as a business owner is how the company should be structured. This decision is likely to have long-term implications, so it is important to natter with an accountant and attorney to help one select preferred ownership structure. There are four basic legal forms of ownership for retailers 1. Sole proprietary The vast majority of small businesses start out as sole proprietorships.These firms are owned by one person, usually the individual who has the day-to-day responsibility for running the business. -30- 2. Partnership A partnership is a common format in India for carrying out business activities (p articularly trading) on a small or fair scale. In a partnership, two or more people share ownership of a single business. 3. Joint venture A joint venture is not well defined in the law. Unless incorporated or established as a firm as evidenced by a deed, joint ventures may be taxed like association of persons, sometimes at maximum marginal rates.It acts like a general partnership, but is clearly for a limited period of time or a single project. 4. Limited liability Company (public and underground)- The Limited Liability Company (LLC) is a relatively new type of hybrid business structure that is now permissible in most states. The owners are members, and the duration of the LLC is usually determined when the organization papers are filed. miscellanea of Retailers on the basis of Operational Structure Retail businesses are classified on the basis of their operational and organizational structure.Operational structure defines the key strategic decision of retail entity, whether to hire employees and manage the distributed sales function internally or to reach customers though franchised outlets owned and operated by local entrepreneurs. Retail firms can be classified into five heads on the basis of their respective operational structures 1. Independent retail unit The total number of retailers in India is estimated to be over 5 million in 2003. About 78% of these are small family businesses utilizing only household labour. An independent retailer owns one retail unit. 2. Retail mountain chain A chain etailer operates multiple outlets (store units) under common ownership it usually engages in some level of centralized (or coordinated) purchasing and decision making. 3. Franchising Franchising involves a contractual arrangement between a franchiser (which may be a manufacturer, a wholesaler, or a service sponsor) and a retail franchisee, which allows the franchisee to conduct a -31- given form of business under and establishments name and according to a gi ven pattern of business. 4. Leased Department or Shop-in-shop-It refers to department in a retail store that are rented to an outside party.Usually this is done in case of department and speciality stores and also at times, in discount stores. 5. Co-operative returns Co-operative outlets are generally owned and managed by co-operative societies. In this context the detailed example of Kendriya Bhandar in India. Classification of Retailers on the basis or Retail Location Retailers have also been also been classified according to their store location. Retailers can locate their stores in an isolated place and attract the customers to the store on their own strengthsuch as a small grocery store or paan shop in a colony, which attracts the customers staying close by.Classification of retailers on the basis of location is discussed on a lower floor 1. Retailers in a free-standing location- Retailers located at a site which is not connected to other retailers depend entirely on their so res drawing power and on the various promotional tools to attract customers. This type of location has several advantages including no competition, low rent, better visibility from the road, easy parking and lower property costs. For example the Haldirams outlet on the DelhiJaipur highway and the McDonalds outlet on Delhi-Ludhiana highway. 2.Retailers in a Business-associated Location-In this case, a retailer locates his store in a place where a group o retail outlets, offering a variety of merchandise, work together to attract customers to their retail area, and also compete against each other for the same customers. 3. Retailers in Specialized Markets Besides the above location-based classification, we also have in India-retailers who prefer specialized markets, particularly traditional independent retailers or chain stores. -32- In India, most of the cities have specialized markets illustrious for a particular product category.For example, in Chennai, Godown Street is famous fo r clothes, Bunder treet for stationery products, Usman street for jewellery, T Nagar for ready-made garments, Govindappan naicleen street for grocery, Poo Kadia for food and vegetables. 4. Airport Retailing For quite some time, duty-free shops and newsstands dominated the small amount of commercial space provided at airports. Lately, serious efforts are being made to design new airport facilities in order to incorporate substantial amounts of retail space.The key features of airport retailing are v Large groups of prospective shoppers v Captive audience v Strong sales per square foot of retail space v Strong sales of gift and travel items v Difficulty in replenishment v Longer operating hours v duty-free shopping possible. -33- VARIETY OF MERCHANDISE MIX The retail merchandising has come a long way in India since the days when general stores (kirana) that stocked everything from groceries to stationery and small shops that sold limited varieties of products (such as clothes, furn iture, medicines) reigned supreme.There are many different retail stores in Indiaconvenience stores, supermarkets, hypermarkets, department stores, brand stores and discount stores characterized by the variety of merchandise mix offered by a respective retail format. The consumer can choose between different stores for different needs. Retail units, on account of variety of merchandise mix, can be classified as follows . Department Stores It is a large retail store organized into a number of departments, offering a broad variety and depth of merchandise, commonly part of a retail chain.Usually, department stores are located within the planned shopping centres or traditional up market downtown centres. The leading fashion department stores in India are Ebony, Globus, LifeStyle, Pantaloon, Shoppers Stop and Westside. All of them are multiproduct stores, Ebony has 7 stores, Globus has 4 stores, LifeStyle has 3 stores and there are 12 Pantaloon Family Stores. Discount Stores Retailers offering a broad variety of merchandise mix, limited or no service and low prices are characterized by low margins, heavy advertising, low investments on fixtures, limited support from sales people etc.Discount stores prefer shopping centres that provide space at lower rents as they attract customers from other adjoining stores in the shopping centre. Speciality Stores Speciality stores stress on one or a limited number of complementary product categories and extend a high level of service to their customers. In India, the traditionally independent retailers in the specialized market centres operate in a particular product category, at these centres attract large crowds. Such specialized retail operations provide expertise economies of scale, bargain and image to the particular stores.Supermarkets and Hypermarkets- A hypermarket is a very large retail unit offering merchandise at low prices. Superstores have a sales area of over 50,000sq. ft. Hypermarkets are characterized by larg e store size, low operating costs and margins, low prices and comprehensive range of merchandise. -34- RETAIL IN INDIA The retail industry in India is largely unorganized and predominantly consists of small, independent, owner-managed shops. Retailing is Indias largest industry in terms of contribution to GDP and constitutes 13% of the GDP (Gross Domestic Product). There are around 5 million retail outlets in India.There are also an unaccounted number of low cost Kiosks (tea stalls, snack centres, barber shops) and pushcarts mobile vendors. Total retail sales area in India was estimated at 328 million sq. mt. in 2001, with an average selling space of 29. 4 sq. mt. per outlet. In India, the per capita retailing space is about 2 sq. ft. , which is quite low in comparison to the developed economies. In 2000, the global management consultancy AT Kearney put retail trade at Rs 400,000 crore, which is expected to increase to Rs 800,000 crore by the year 2005an annual increase of 20%.Accor ding to a survey by AT Kearney, an overwhelming proportion of the Rs 400,000 crore retail markets is unorganized. In fact, only a Rs 20,000 crore segment of the market is organized. There is no integrated supply chain management outlook in the Indian traditional retail industry. Food sales constitute a high proportion of the total retail sales. The share was 62. 7% in 2001, worth approximately Rs 7,039. 2 billion, while non-food sales were worth Rs4189. 5billion. However, the non-food retailing sector registered faster year-on-year growth than the food sales sector.The trend to market private labels by a specific retail store is catching on in India as it helps to improve margins. The turnover from private labels by major retail chains was estimated at around Rs 1200 million in 2000. Growth in retail outlets (millions) Year 1978 1984 1990 1996 Urban 0. 58 0. 75 0. 94 1. 80 verdant 1. 76 2. 02 2. 42 3. 33 Total 2. 35 2. 77 3. 36 5. 13 Source indiainfoline -35- Composition of urban o utlets Retail Outlet Grocers Cosmetic stores chemist Food stores General stores Tobacco, pan stores others Source indiainfoline Composition 34. 7% 4. % 6. 3% 6. 6% 14. 4% 17. 0% 17. 0% Composition of rural outlets Retail Outlet Grocers Composition 55. 6% General stores 13. 5% Chemists Others 3. 3% 27. 6% Source Indiainfoline EMERGENCE OF ORGANIZED RETAILING Organized retailing in India repres

Thursday, May 23, 2019

Enrollment System Chapter2

Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES This chapter provides the related literature and studies significant to the proposed carcass. This chapter also includes the theoretical textile of the existing schema, and the conceptual framework of the proposed system. Related Literature computing deviceization of either process reduces human errors and processing time, it can also boost up productivity. Computers ar the best means for storage and management of data, they can serve as huge k straightwayledge bases and can be harnessed for all sorts of financial proceedings owing to their processing power and storage capacities.As computers are a daily utility, they have gained immense importance in day-to-day life. -http//www. buzzle. com/articles/importance-of-computer-education. html Computer provides a very large storage of data, which can be mapd by a long period of time. It is the great advantage of computer against the manual of arms handwritten process of registra tion. Local. Our country (at least 5 references, 2006 & above) Further discussed.. Foreign. Technology (at least 5 references, 2006 & above) Different Related StudiesLocal. In the conducted study of Charlene G. Bulao et. al in their undergraduate feasibility study entitled A Proposed Computerized Enrollment System for Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Valenzuela, the case study stated that the schools enrollment process are time consuming, redundant student records, and has a slow retrieval of student records. Similar with the stated problem of manual enrollment system at Canumay National senior high school School the only difference is that Pamantasn ng Lungsod ng Valenzuela (PLV) equires payment for the tuition honorarium. Both of the study aim to develop a system that bequeath reduce the redundancy of students information, reduce the consumed time in enrollment process, and a fast retrieval of students records. The proposed study by Gretchen S. Bation et. al (March 2011) in their unde rgraduate thesis study entitled LAN-Based Enrollment System for San Diego Parochial School, they aim to develop a system that is secured and organized through the use of log-in form in order to avoid unauthorized access in the system.A system that will automatically section the student, a system that will provide a convenient way to retrieve, update, and manage students records using computerized database, and a system that will automatically compute the payment of tuition angle and balances of the student. The study is also similar to the proposed study by the proponents, the only difference is the system for San Diego Parochial School has a computation for the payment of tuition fee similar with the PLV. In the study conducted by Viroel Marcelo et. l (March 2003) in their undergraduate feasibility study entitled Enrollment System of San Francisco High School, the principal(prenominal) objective of their study is to help the technology of the school in terms of enrollment, a comp uterized enrollment system that will provide all students and faculty share a accurate, faster, more efficient and convenient to the enrollment process of the institution. Similar with the study, the system proposed by the proponents also intends to introduce something new with the enrollment process that will benefit both students and faculty members.San Francisco High School and Canumay National High School is both a public school, both of the system is not learn to compute for the payment of tuition fee. Foreign. The proposed The proposed Theoretical Framework of the Study Figure 4 Theoretical Framework of the Existing Enrollment System of Canumay National High School The paradigm shows the existing system that highlights the disadvantage of a manual enrollment system. In the existing system, students commonly filled-up the enrollment form asking for their individualised information accompanied by their report card last school year.Faculty members will compile all the files su bmitted by the enrollees. During the vacation period, teachers will straightaway separate the student by their average grade and look for the students files in their cabinets. After the separation of sections the teacher will write the identify of students enrolled per section in their columnar, enrollees will know the appropriate section upon the start of classes. Conceptual Framework of the Study Figure 5 Conceptual Framework of the Proposed ascent Enrollment System for Canumay National High SchoolThe paradigm shows the proposed system that highlights the advantage of a computerized enrollment system. In the proposed system, all the important information of every enrollee will be filled up in a form and to be save in the system for easy retrieval for the next enrollment season together with their report card. The inputted grades will be computed by the system and will automatically choose the appropriate section of the enrolled student. The system will now produce the printed s chedule of the students and it can also produce the printed copy of all the enrolled students per section. - INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT HANDWRITTEN STUDENT INFORMATION NAME, ADDRESS, PARENTS NAME. narration CARD MANUAL COMPUTATION RECORD OF DATA SEARCH OF DATA COMPILATION OF DATA MANUAL RECORDING OF INFORMATION WRITTEN listing OF STUDENTS INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT FILL-UP STUDENT INFORMATION NAME, ADDRESS, PARENTS NAME. REPORT CARD AUTOMATIC COMPILATION DBMS HANDLES ALL FILES ADEQUATE PRINTED REPORT PRINTED SCHEDULE PRINTED LIST OF STUDENTS PER SECTION